(16:4-5) Samuel Sanctifies Jesse - The elders were afraid because they knew of the split between Samuel and Saul, and they did not want repercussions. Samuel "sanctified" Jesse and his sons to prepare them to come before God in worship and to offer a sacrifice. (For more on this ceremony, see Genesis 35:2; Exodus 19:10, 14; and the note on Joshua. 3:5.)

(16:7) Character Not Appearance - Saul was tall and handsome--an impressive-looking man. Samuel may have been trying to find someone who looked like Saul to be Israel's next king, but God warned him against judging by appearance. When people judge by outward appearance, they may overlook quality individuals who lack the particular physical qualities society currently admires. But appearance doesn't reveal what people are really like or what their true value is.

Fortunately, God judges by faith and character, not appearance. And because only God can see what's on the inside, only he can accurately judge people. Most people spend hours each week maintaining their outward appearance; they should do even more to develop their inner character. While everyone can see your face, only you and God know what your heart really looks like. What steps are you taking to improve the attractiveness of your heart in God's eyes?

(16:13) A Secret Anointing - David was anointed king, but it was done in secret; he was not publicly anointed until much later (2 Samuel 2:4; 5:3). Saul was still legally the king, but God was preparing David for his future responsibilities. The anointing oil poured over David's head stood for holiness. It was used to set people or objects apart for God's service. Each king and high priest of Israel was anointed with oil. This commissioned them as God's representatives to the nation. Although God rejected Saul's kingship by not allowing any of his descendants to sit on Israel's throne, Saul remained in his position until his death.

(16:14) God Allows the Enemy to Attack Saul - What was this evil spirit the Lord sent? Perhaps Saul was deeply depressed. Or perhaps when the Holy Spirit left Saul, God allowed an evil spirit (or a demon) to torment him as judgment for his disobedience (this would demonstrate God's power over the spirit world; see 1 Kings 22:19-23). Either way, Saul was driven to madness and paranoia, which led him to attempt to murder David.

(16:15-16) Harps Are Used - Harps were popular musical instruments in Saul's day, and their music is still known for its soothing qualities. The simplest harps were merely two pieces of wood fastened at right angles to each other. The strings were stretched across the wood to give the harp a triangular shape. Simple strings could be made of twisted grasses, but better strings were made of dried animal intestines. Harps could have ten to thirteen strings and were louder than the smaller four- or eight-stringed instruments called lyres. David, known for his shepherding skills and bravery, was also an accomplished harpist and musician who would eventually write many of the psalms found in the Bible.

(16:19-21) David Grows in His Calling - When Saul asked David to be in his service, he obviously did not know that David had been secretly anointed king (16:12-13). Saul's invitation presented an excellent opportunity for the young man and future king to gain firsthand information about leading an army and building a nation. Sometimes our plans -even the ones we think God has approved have to be put on hold indefinitely. And sometimes our plans get interrupted or don't develop as quickly as we desire. Like David, we can use this waiting time profitably. We can choose to learn and grow in our present circumstances, whatever they may be.